Homocysteine

HOMOCYSTEINE

Homocysteine is the product of sulfur metabolism. It is harmful in large quantities. Increased homocysteine generation is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia is also a predisposing factor for impaired cognitive capacity and Alzheimer’s disease. Vitamin B6, folate (vitamin B9), vitamin B12, and riboflavin (vitamin B2) are required to maintain normal homocysteine levels.

Elevated homocysteine levels occur in association with undernourishment, vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency, hypothyroidism, kidney deficiency, genetic disorders, and the use of certain drugs (methotrexate, phenytoin, carbamazepine, chlorothiazide, and L-DOPA). Decreased homocysteine levels may be associated with hyperthyroidism, low methionine intake, and severe oxidative stress. Excessive intake of the amino acid methionine from food may increase homocysteine levels. Hyperhomocysteinemia significantly increases oxidative stress on a cellular level.

The Finnish reference ranges (HCY):

• Less than 5.0 μmol/l Low
• 5.0–7.0 μmol/l Optimal
• 5.0–15 μmol/l Normal
• 15–29 μmol/l Slightly elevated
• 30–100 μmol/l Clearly elevated
• Over 100 μmol/l Significantly elevated

The nutritional factors mentioned above are the most effective ways to treat high homocysteine levels (vitamin B2, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12).